Rabu, 07 Oktober 2009

Sejarah Jaringan(Network)

Sebelum kita mengetahui sejarah tentang jaringan komputer alangkah lebih baik kita tahu terlebih dahulu apa pengertian jaringan komputer. Jaringan komputer adalah sebuah sistem yang terdiri dari komputer dan perangkat jaringan lainnya yang bekerja bersama-sama untuk mencapai tujuan. Tujuan dari jaringan komputer adalah : 
1. Membagi sumber daya: contohnya berbagi pemakaian printer, CPU, memori, harddisk.
2. Komunikasi: contohnya surat elektronik, chatting
3.Akses informasi: contohnya web browsing

Sejarah jaringan komputer mula-mula lahir pada :
1.Tahun 1940-an yaitu berupa konsep jaringan komputer berawal di Negara Amerika dari sebuah proyek pengembangan komputer MODEL I di laboratorium Bell dan group riset Harvard University yang dipimpin profesor H. Aiken. Pada mulanya proyek tersebut hanyalah ingin memanfaatkan sebuah perangkat komputer yang harus dipakai bersama. Untuk mengerjakan beberapa proses tanpa banyak membuang waktu kosong dibuatlah proses beruntun (Batch Processing), sehingga beberapa program bisa dijalankan dalam sebuah komputer dengan dengan kaidah antrian.
2.Ditahun 1950-an ketika jenis komputer mulai membesar sampai terciptanya super komputer, maka sebuah komputer mesti melayani beberapa terminal. Untuk itu ditemukan konsep distribusi proses berdasarkan waktu yang dikenal dengan nama TSS (Time Sharing System), maka untuk pertama kali bentuk jaringan (network) komputer diaplikasikan. Pada sistem TSS beberapa terminal terhubung secara seri ke sebuah host komputer. Dalam proses TSS mulai nampak perpaduan teknologi komputer dan teknologi telekomunikasi yang pada awalnya berkembang sendiri-sendiri.
3.Memasuki tahun 1970-an, setelah beban pekerjaan bertambah banyak dan harga perangkat komputer besar mulai terasa sangat mahal, maka mulailah digunakan konsep proses distribusi (Distributed Processing). Dalam proses ini beberapa host komputer mengerjakan sebuah pekerjaan besar secara paralel untuk melayani beberapa terminal yang tersambung secara seri disetiap host komputer. Dalam proses distribusi sudah mutlak diperlukan perpaduan yang mendalam antara teknologi komputer dan telekomunikasi, karena selain proses yang harus didistribusikan, semua host komputer wajib melayani terminal-terminalnya dalam satu perintah dari komputer pusat.
Selanjutnya ketika harga-harga komputer kecil sudah mulai menurun dan konsep proses distribusi sudah matang, maka penggunaan komputer dan jaringannya sudah mulai beragam dari mulai menangani proses bersama maupun komunikasi antar komputer (Peer to Peer System) saja tanpa melalui komputer pusat. Untuk itu mulailah berkembang teknologi jaringan lokal yang dikenal dengan sebutan LAN. Demikian pula ketika Internet mulai diperkenalkan, maka sebagian besar LAN yang berdiri sendiri mulai berhubungan dan terbentuklah jaringan raksasa WAN.
Evolusi Jaringan
a.Mainframe pada era 1960-1970 an
Pada tahun 1940-1n komputer adalah suatu alat dengan ukuran besar yang sangat rentan terhadap kesalahan. Pada tahun 1947, ditemukannya transistor semikonduktor membukan banyak kemungkingan untuk membuat komputer dengan ukuran lebih kecil; dan tentunya lebih handal. Pada tahun 1950-an institusi-institusi besar muladi menggunakan komputer-komputer mainframe, dimana dijalankan dengan program-program punched card. Pada akhir tahun 1950-an, Integrated circuit (IC) yang mengembangkan beberapa, dan sekarang jutaan, transistor pada satu semikonduktor yang kecil telah ditemukan. pada tahun 1960-an, mainframe dengan terminal dan IC telah banyak digunakan.
 
b.LAN (Local Area Network) pada era 1970-1980 an
Pada akhir 1960-1n dan 1970-an komputer-komputer yang lebih kecil dengan sebutan minicomputer telah diciptakan. Walau bagaimana-pun, minikomputer-minikomputer masih dalam ukuran yang sangat besar dibanding dengan standar modern saat ini. Pada tahun 1977, Apple Computer Company memperkenalkan mikrokomputer, dimana dikenal dengan sebutan MAC. Pada tahun 1981 IBM memperkenalkan PC pertamanya. Mac yang user-friendly, IBM PC yang open-archetecture, dan langkah lebih jauh dari proses "micro-minisasi" dari IC membawah penyebaran luas dari PC baik di rumah maupun di kantor-kantor.
Pada masa ini jaringan-jaringan local mulai dibuat dikembangkan dengan berbagai macam teknologi.
c.WAN (Wide Area Network) pada era 1980-1990 an
Pada pertengahan 1980 pengguna PC mulai menggunakan modem untuk berbagi file dengan komputer lain. Hal ini dikenal sebagiai point-to-point, atau komunikasi dial-up. Konsep ini disebar oleh penggunaan komputer yang merupakan pusat dari komunikasi dalam koneksi dial-up. Komputer-komputer ini disebut bulletin
boards. Para pengguna akan konek ke bulletin boards, meninggalkan dan mengambil pesan, sebagaimana upload dan download file. Kekurangan dari tipe ini adalah sangat sedikitany komunikasi langgung dan selanjutnya hanya orang-orang tertentu yang tahu mengenai bulletin board. Pembatasan lain dari bulleting board adalah satu modem per satu koneksi. Jika lima orang terhubung secara simultan, hal ini akan memerlukan lima modem terkoneksi ke lima jalur telepon terpisah.
Jumlah orang yang ingin menggunakan sistem ini berkembang, sistem ini selanjutnya tidak dapat meng-handle kebutuhan yang terus meningkat. Sebagai contoh, bayangkan jika 500 orang ingin terhubung dalam waktu yang bersamaan.
d.Internet pada era 1990 an
Dari tahun 1960-an ke tahun 1990-an Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat (DoD) mengembangkan Wide-Area Networks (WANs) yang besar, dapat dihandalkan untuk militer dan alasan-alasan sains. Teknologi ini berbeda dari komunikasi point-to-point yang digunakan dalam bulletin boards. Hal ini memungkinakan beberapa
komputer untuk terhubung secara bersamaan melalui beberapa jalur berbeda. Jaringan itu sendiri akan bisa membedakan bagaimana memindahkan data dari komputer satu ke komputer lain. Satu koneksi dapat digunakan untuk berhubungan dengan banyak komputer pada saat yang bersamaan. Jaringan yang diterapka DoD nantinya
akan menjadi jaringan yang mendunia pada saat ini yang disebut Internet.

Senin, 08 Desember 2008

CELEBRATION IDUL ADHA

Idul Adha is commemorated every date of 10 Djulhijah. Shalat Idul Adha usually is executed more morningly is compared to shalat Idul fitri because of so that event of qurban executed to be quicker. And circumcised for breakfast beforehand before doing shalat Idul Adha. At commemoration of Idul Adha always is performed a event of Qurban ( slaughters animal like ox and goat).
Germinal the happening of Qurban that is from story Nabi Ibrahim and it’s the chlid which so called Nabi Ismail. One Night Nabi Ibrahim dream s that Allah SWT commands that Nabi Ibrahim to slaughter it’s the chlid. Nabi Ismail at that time still very small. Although Nabi Ibrahim is not have the heart to to do, because Nabi Ibrahim do not want to impinge Allah SWT comand hence Nabi Ibrahim have the kindness to slaughter it’sthe chlid. Nabi Ismail invited by Nabi Ibrahim to a place, Nabi Ismail doesn't know that him self will slaughtered by his own father. Nabi Ismail is placed to big stone, then time Nabi Ibrahim will slaughter Nabi Ismail to come a goat and Allah SWT commands Nabi Ibrahim to slaughter the goat.
Qurban suggested for man capable. For man who qurban may not eat qurban flesh, flesh qurban alloted to public. Qurban an ox for qurban 8 people and qurban a goat for qurban 1 man. Which very often done by public believing in moslem at Idul Adha is make sate. Execution of Qurban is executed on 10 Djulhijah until date of 11,12,13 Tasyrik.
Holiday Of Idul fitri usually more crowdedly is compared to holiday of Idul Adha because at holiday of Moslem humanity idul fitri is each other shake hand and bersilaturahmi while at holiday of Idul Adha seldom be done.

Senin, 01 Desember 2008

RELIGIOUS SERVICE HAJI

Every moslem believer capable to be obliged to give or obtain cash for religious service haji. Religious service haji is in harmony Islam which to 5. Religious service haji is intend coming to Mekkah, visits Ka'bah and other places to do with refer to religious service with certain conditions which has been specified. Religious service haji is performed in Dzulhijah.
In religious service haji something called as with Rukun Haji that is activitys that is must be done in religious service haji. Otherwise is done hence it’s the unauthorized haji. Which included into Rukun Haji is Ihram that is statement begins on haji or umroh by using clothes ihram, Wukuf in Arafah that is keeping silence and praying in Arafah on 9 Djuhlijah, Tawaf Ifadah that is encircling Ka'bah counted 7x on 10 Djulhijah, Sai that is run or canters between Shafa and Marwah counted 7x circumference, Tahallul that is shaving having taken steps hair Sai, last is Tertib that is doing activity as according to sequence and nothing that lag.
In religious service haji also something called as compulsorily Haji that is activity that is must be done at religious service haji otherwise is done must pay Dam ( penalty / fine). Which included into Wajib Haji is Niat Ihram that is intention done after dressing Ihram, Mabit that is spending the night in Mujdalifah, throws Jumroh Aqobah on 11-13 Tasyrik, Mabit in Mina, throws Jumroh Ula and Wustha, Tawaf Wada that is doing tawaf parting before leaving town Mekkah, last that is leaving deed prohibited at the time of Ihram.
Main of religious service haji that is religious service haji is one of comand which must be done for capable, can vanish sin for implementing it as according to comand Allah SWT, cost released to execute religious service haji is Infaq Fisabilillah, Heaven is reciprocation for Haji Mabrur.

Selasa, 25 November 2008

MOSLEM HUMANITY CHARITABLE

Islam teachs for helping each other. Every moslem in the world must do a good deed to humanity. God orders it’s the believer for is each other help one another. Human is including social creature requiring others. Rich human or capable to must assist man which is inability. In Islam there are some mention to do a good deed as of religious obligatory case, infaq, shadaqoh, communal ownership, etc.
Religious obligatory, infaq, shadaqoh, communal ownership, etc it’s the purpose is same to assist human who indigent and lessens their burden. Religious obligatory can be interpreted that is casting aside some of possessions we are for human who is requiring. Which very often we hear is religious obligatory fitrah that is religious obligatory done in Ramadhan or before Shalat Idul fitri is started. Religious obligatory fitrah it’s the law is mandatory for moslem believer capable. Usually with rice religious obligatory, each and everyone around 3,5 litres or now a lot has having religious obligatory with money each and everyone must pay for around Rp. 15000,00. In having religious obligatory fitrah managed by BAZIS ( Badan Amil Zakat Infaq Shadaqoh).
Shadaqoh and infaq much the same to with religious obligatory that is casting aside some of our possessions but shadaqoh and infaq can be done any time and is not defined how much the many. Usually done by moslem believer getting fortune more than God SWT. Communal ownership that is casting aside some of our possessions in the form of object like soil, school, house, etc. In doing communal ownership is obliged by there are written evidence and some people eyewitness that if at any times there are human who is suing or man that is disagree hence can give chapter and verse written that.
Sees the present day this, moslem believer increasingly seldom to do a good deed it’s the reason because of economics crisis, requirement which more and more, price increasingly rising, so that increasingly the many mans which is inability. Most people charitable when month of Ramadhan it’s the reason because reward duplicated. But hardly regrettably because human which still be strong to work and has perfect body, they often moochs in roadside and in Ramadhan this situation exploited by them. Often is met there are mooching a moppet ordered by it’s the old fellow to mooch whereas it’s the old fellow only sits and orders it’s the chlid to cadge.

Senin, 17 November 2008

BELIEVE INFLUENCE TO BEHAVIOR OF MOSLEM

1. Believe To God SWT
Allah SWT is name and the naming of for holy Dzat which we believe, we are charitable because Allah SWT and we know that our life and to God SWT we return. Existence Of Allah SWT is a thing that is knowable clear of man. If only we paid attention to all creatures which there is in this universe is that stone, soil, flora, wood, animal, continent, ocean, fire, air, and other of we will find a number of evidences that is is not counted to assure existence of Allah SWT. All the mortals in this world is it’s the existence eyewitness Allah SWT, including our own as man with all man characters and change at human elf. As our human very requires Allah SWT, therefore we believe must to Allah SWT.

2. Believe To Malaikat
Malaikat is creature that is very obeys to Allah SWT. Malaikat have never opposed Allah SWT will desire. If believe us to Malaikat, hence we will get benefit between it is:
Adds our confidence at power of Allah SWT. Because plenty of Malaikat duty like Allah SWT apocalipse medium to the of Allah SWT, to pull out human soul and spreader livelihood.
Adds our belief in Allah SWT as human who many doing sinning because malaikat to have august position in side Allah SWT.
Adds our confidence book Allah SWT.
Adds our deed because confidence we would existence of Malaikat assigned by Allah SWT for we so that our deed increasingly is protected against irate thing of Allah SWT.

3. Believe To Book AllahSWT
Believe to book Allah SWT has meaning that we are religious at:
a. Book Zabur which is derivable by Allah SWT to Nabi Daud AS.
b. Book Taurat degraded by Allah SWT to Nabi Musa AS.
c. Scripture degraded by Allah SWT to Nabi Isa AS.
d. Book Al-quran degraded by Allah SWT to Nabi Muhammad SAW.
If believe us to book Allah SWT, hence we will get benefit between it is:
We increasingly is sure that Allah SWT without a parallel, proven by inexistence of man which ready to make book proportionate with book Allah SWT.
We increasingly Iman to Allah SWT, because in book Allah SWT there is information of past and a period of which will come till end of epoch.

4. Believe To Courier Allah SWT
Human requires road street guide to obey order in having religious service that is someone who has been delegated by Allah SWT . If believe us to courier Allah SWT, hence we will get benefit between it is:
Added our confidence that correct road street of that only one, that is road street Allah SWT
The Rasul is not ordinary human, but choice human. Therefore we cannot equalize our equivalent position with the Rasul so that we improper to flatter and disobeys the Rasul.

5. Believe To Final Day
Believe to final day given us spirit of for always can increase amount and quality of our deed charitable, so that altogether valuable religious service and can be made stock for journey of towards eternal life in eternity the beyond later. Believe at day end will add our confidence belive to Allah SWT.

6. Believe To Destiny
Qadar is rule of Allah SWT to something since ahead. It’s the intention Allah SWT has specified for human all something since ahead before human is created.

As moslem believer we believe must to Rukun Iman and must be constituted with candid liver, full of adherence. A moslem must bow and obedient to Allah SWT and makes Allah as the only adhered, religious service and curtseyed. Allah the only creator which is entitled to receive devotion.

Senin, 10 November 2008

AL-QURAN IS BELIEVER HOLY BOOK ISLAM

Al-quran is holy book of Islam believer, what is derivable by Allah SWT through Nabi Muhammad SAW. Al-quran is holy book written in Arab language. Al-quran is guide, blessing, what addressed for man to safe, distinguishing between ugly and good and aim to applied and executed by human. Undeniable again that miracle (mu’jizat), supremacy and dignity of Al-quran has given inspiration for every public layer alongside epoch.
Al-quran has formation of letter and word in Al-quran lapped over elegantly. Al-quran explains about sentences which with reference to problem aqidah/faith, explains sentences which with reference to religious service, explains about behavior, explains about food and beverage, explains about dressy clothes and way, explains about social social activity, explains about political activity and goverment, explains about military strategy and defence, explains about education, explains about law and sanction of law.
Al-quran is mu'jizat Nabi Muhammad SAW. Mu'jizat Al-quran has idiosyncrasy of if compared to mu'jizat of the Nabi before all. Mu'jizat of the Nabi before all was mu'jizat which can only be proved by the and contemporary people with the Nabi, whereas people after cannot know existence of mu'jizat, except through news. Mu'jizat Al-quran is demonstrably mu'jizat by all human in every a period of until doomsday.
Hence as a good moslem, our position to Al-quran that is believing Al-quran as a whole is including the ghaib, story, idea and law ( comand and prohibition) which written in it. Reads and studies Al-quran, and practices and fights for as a guide life.

Selasa, 04 November 2008

MAN AND WOMAN IN ISLAM

Allah SWT creates man consisted of man and woman. Woman and same man, one with other from its the humanity side is same. So also is side Allah SWT, one otherly doesn't have any excess. At the present day this continuity of man community depend on solidarity and existence of man and woman in every a period and generation. Therefore was not confirmed in Islam if only pays attention to one of between both, because both is man who equiped with all its the abilities as the same man and life. Allah SWT also creates both strength of think with the same rate, because Allah SWT creates mind for man and woman. Man and woman has the same rights and obligations, and responsibility together. That is equation in shouldering responsibility so that both same becalm. Islam doesn't differentiate man and woman in inviting to belief in Allah and implements comand Allah SWT.

Thereby Islam has likened both in so many obligation of religious service, mission, etc. Islam also brings to justice and sanction to both to action of collision to law Allah SWT without differentiating type both. So, man taken as God to practice comand and avoids prohibition of Allah SWT is not only just man or just woman but both. And Allah SWT will ask man accountability.

As for difference of man and woman in Islam, its the example in our life if medium of Shalat in mosque or hour clock every woman resides in shaf man back and separate. Witness of woman will equal to witness a man if the witness is given to two womens. For example witness to rights and muamalah. And so do in witness of receivable debt, sales. But in the event of criminal action among woman, on the ground there is no a man hence witness a the woman in here must be received.